Who publishes the data behind our dashboards, how they collect it, and where each source appears across the portfolio.
Who they areArmstrong McKay et al. (Science, 2022).
What they trackSixteen Earth-system tipping elements with temperature threshold brackets.
How they are fundedUniversity and national research grants (see paper).
How data is collectedFixed scientific reference table in our JSON — status computed vs live temperature.
Their perspectivePeer-reviewed thresholds — not operational early warning.
AttributionData © Armstrong McKay et al. 2022 — climate tipping elements; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areUnited Kingdom national oceanographic data centre (part of the National Oceanography Centre).
What they trackArchives and publishes the official annual transport time series from the array used on this dashboard.
How they are fundedUnited Kingdom Natural Environment Research Council.
How data is collectedQuality-controlled releases of array data; updates when the array team publishes a new version.
Their perspectiveAuthoritative archive for the numbers shown in the array chart and supporting cards.
AttributionBritish Oceanographic Data Centre doi:10.5285/04c79ece-3186-349a-e063-6c86abc0158c (check rapid.ac.uk for the current release).
Who they areColorado State University Department of Atmospheric Science.
What they trackSeasonal Atlantic hurricane activity forecasts (named storms, hurricanes, major hurricanes).
How they are fundedUniversity research programs and supporting sponsors (see CSU releases).
How data is collectedPublished outlook PDFs and tables; we transcribe headline numbers when the seasonal forecast updates.
Their perspectiveSeasonal forecast — skill varies year to year; not an official government warning.
AttributionData © CSU Tropical Weather & Climate Research; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areEuropean Commission Directorate-General for Climate Action.
What they trackLegal cap, linear reduction factor, and policy parameters for EU ETS Phase IV.
How they are fundedEU budget.
How data is collectedPublished EU law and Commission factsheets — hard-coded until policy updates.
Their perspectiveAuthoritative regulatory source — describes the system, not live market prices.
AttributionData © European Commission DG CLIMA — EU ETS; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areEuropean Commission Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union.
What they trackCBAM implementation timeline and covered sectors.
How they are fundedEU budget.
How data is collectedOfficial policy pages — static milestones on this dashboard.
Their perspectiveTrade and customs policy — extends EU carbon pricing to selected imported goods.
AttributionData © European Commission DG TAXUD — Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areEuropean Commission Joint Research Centre.
What they trackGlobal anthropogenic emissions by sector and country.
How they are fundedEuropean Commission Joint Research Centre.
How data is collectedVersioned gridded releases — reference comparison for agriculture totals.
Their perspectiveGridded emissions inventory — modelled estimates, revised between versions.
AttributionData © EDGAR — Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areEuropean Energy Exchange.
What they trackPrimary-market auction results for EU Emissions Allowances.
How they are fundedExchange-operated commercial market infrastructure.
How data is collectedPublished auction tables — reference context; live price uses CO2.L proxy.
Their perspectiveSupply-side institutional context — complements the price proxy, not a substitute for it.
AttributionData © EEX — EU ETS primary auctions; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areCurated list maintained on this dashboard from published ENSO science summaries.
What they trackHistorical super El Niño context and milestone events for reader orientation.
How they are fundedAcademic and government research programs underlying each cited study.
How data is collectedStatic reference table in our JSON — not a live literature API.
Their perspectiveEducational context — not real-time science news.
AttributionData © ENSO peer literature (curated references); cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
What they trackOfficial national forest area and deforestation reporting cycles.
How they are fundedFAO regular budget and member-state contributions.
How data is collectedFRA tables on multi-year cadence — slower than satellite annual loss.
Their perspectiveMulti-year national reporting cycle — slower than satellite annual loss.
AttributionData © FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
What they trackCrop production shortfalls, food security alerts, and country briefs.
How they are fundedFAO regular budget and donor contributions.
How data is collectedRSS and published briefs fetched on refresh.
Their perspectiveEarly-warning synthesis — qualitative hotspot flags, not a quantitative crop sensor.
AttributionData © FAO GIEWS — Global Information and Early Warning System; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
What they trackGreenhouse-gas emissions from livestock supply chains by species and region.
How they are fundedFAO regular budget and member-state contributions.
How data is collectedGLEAM model outputs and reports — infrequent updates baked into reference JSON.
Their perspectiveModelled supply-chain emissions — infrequently updated reference, not a live inventory.
AttributionData © FAO GLEAM — Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
What they trackNational agricultural emissions statistics reported to FAOSTAT.
How they are fundedFAO regular budget and member-state contributions.
How data is collectedBulk data downloads on refresh schedule — country tables for livestock and crops.
Their perspectiveSelf-reported national statistics — useful totals, but reporting lags and gaps exist.
AttributionData © FAOSTAT — Emissions (agriculture); cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areWorld Resources Institute and partners.
What they trackNear-real-time tree-cover loss alerts and country dashboards.
How they are fundedWorld Resources Institute and partner donors.
How data is collectedReference links and alert context — primary charts may use OWID/Hansen compilations.
Their perspectiveNear-real-time alerts and dashboards — compiles multiple satellite products.
AttributionData © Global Forest Watch; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areThe Global Carbon Project, an international research collaboration; Friedlingstein et al. (2026), Earth System Science Data.
What they trackYearly CO₂ emissions from fossil fuels, cement and land use for every country, consumption-based CO₂, and the remaining carbon budget.
How they are fundedPublic research funding in many countries.
How data is collectedPublished every November; we read it through Our World in Data.
Their perspectiveThe reference estimate of national and global CO₂ emissions used by the IPCC and UN.
AttributionFriedlingstein et al. (2026), Global Carbon Budget 2025, ESSD 18, 3211.
Who they areUS–EU-led international initiative with UN Environment Programme support.
What they trackTracks national signatories to voluntary methane reduction commitments.
How they are fundedUS–EU initiative with UN Environment Programme support.
How data is collectedOfficial signatory list — updated when participants join or report progress.
Their perspectiveVoluntary political commitment tracker — signatures, not verified reductions.
AttributionData © Global Methane Pledge; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areGlobal Tipping Points Initiative (Lenton et al.).
What they trackPolicy-oriented synthesis on interacting climate tipping risks.
How they are fundedResearch and philanthropic partners (see report).
How data is collectedPublished report excerpts used for reader context cards.
Their perspectiveScience communication and policy relevance, not a data feed.
AttributionData © Global Tipping Points Report (2023); cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areGoogle News aggregation (headline links only).
What they trackRecent news headlines matching dashboard search terms — awareness, not measurement.
How they are fundedCommercial service; free RSS tier.
How data is collectedRSS search URLs fetched daily; we do not republish full articles.
Their perspectiveMedia headlines — subject to outlet selection bias.
AttributionData © Google News RSS; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areGlobal Precipitation Climatology Centre at Germany's national weather service (DWD).
What they trackMonthly drought index on a 1° grid combining a standardized precipitation index and the SPEI, from GPCC's gauge analysis and CPC temperature, against 1961–1990.
How they are fundedGerman Federal Ministry for Digital and Transport (DWD).
How data is collectedPublic netCDF file per month on opendata.dwd.de, read nightly.
Their perspectiveRain and evaporation over recent months rather than modelled soil water; used here as an independent second opinion.
AttributionGPCC Drought Index v1, DWD, doi:10.5676/DWD_GPCC/DI_M_100.
Who they areInternational permafrost monitoring consortium.
What they trackActive-layer thickness and ground temperature from borehole sites.
How they are fundedNational agencies and research institutions operating member sites.
How data is collectedPer-borehole yearly ground temperatures from the published GTN-P compilations on PANGAEA (doi 10.1594/PANGAEA.930669, cross-checked with 10.1594/PANGAEA.884711), built into reference JSON by script. The live GTN-P database is not used.
Their perspectivePoint observations that ground-truth regional summaries; coverage gaps in some regions.
AttributionData © GTN-P — Global Terrestrial Network for Permafrost; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areA joint initiative of the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) and the Copernicus programme, run by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre.
What they trackBurned area, fire counts and emissions by country, mapped from satellite data, with weekly statistics compared with past years.
How they are fundedEuropean Union (Copernicus Emergency Management Service).
How data is collectedBurned areas are mapped from satellite imagery and summed by country each week; we read the weekly statistics for every country every night.
Their perspectiveScientific and policy information system; globally consistent statistics since 2012.
AttributionGWIS, Copernicus Emergency Management Service / European Commission Joint Research Centre.
Who they areUniversity of Maryland GLAD lab.
What they trackSatellite-based annual forest cover loss at 30 m resolution.
How they are fundedNASA, USGS, and University of Maryland research programs.
How data is collectedUnderlying science for global loss maps; OWID compiles regional totals we display.
Their perspectiveSatellite tree-cover loss — counts canopy loss, not all land-use change.
AttributionData © Hansen / UMD Global Forest Change; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areEpidemiologists and climate scientists publishing in peer-reviewed journals.
What they trackPeer-reviewed estimates of heat-related deaths (Robine 2008, Ballester 2023, Gallo 2024) and heatwave records (Barriopedro 2011).
How they are fundedVaries by study (public research funding).
How data is collectedFigures quoted from the study abstracts; not updated automatically.
Their perspectiveEstimates made after the event with statistical models; ranges are wide.
AttributionData © Heatwave impact studies (curated); cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areAustralian research consortium (Hobday et al.).
What they trackDefines marine heatwave categories (moderate → extreme) from SST anomalies.
How they are fundedAcademic and government research programs (no single funder).
How data is collectedPublished methodology used to classify CRW anomalies on this dashboard.
Their perspectiveScientific definition — not a data publisher.
AttributionData © Hobday et al. marine heatwave framework; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology; surface CO₂ data product by J.E. Dore.
What they trackSurface seawater carbon chemistry at Station ALOHA north of Oʻahu, about monthly since October 1988: pH, dissolved inorganic carbon, alkalinity, pCO₂ and aragonite saturation.
How they are fundedUS National Science Foundation.
How data is collectedPublic tab-separated file (HOT_surface_CO2.txt), updated about once a year, downloaded nightly.
Their perspectiveOne of the longest open-ocean pH records; it shows the steady acidification of the subtropical North Pacific, not coastal or polar waters.
AttributionHawaii Ocean Time-series; cite Dore et al. 2009, PNAS 106:12235-12240.
Who they areInternational ice-sheet science consortium.
What they trackConsensus ice-sheet mass balance for Greenland and Antarctica.
How they are fundedUK NERC, ESA, NASA, and partner agencies behind contributing studies.
How data is collectedPublished assessment tables — updated when IMBIE releases a new synthesis.
Their perspectiveIce-sheet contribution to sea level — slower to update than altimetry but essential for the “why” behind rise.
AttributionData © Ice Sheet Mass Balance Inter-comparison Exercise (IMBIE); cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change — consensus assessments written by expert authors from member governments.
What they trackSynthesizes global evidence on oceans, cryosphere, and climate change — we paraphrase one line on the Atlantic overturning conveyor for reader context.
How they are fundedContributions from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change member governments; volunteer scientific labour.
How data is collectedPeer-reviewed literature synthesis, not a sensor network — the summary line on this dashboard is static text aligned with Chapter 9.
Their perspectivePolicy-relevant scientific consensus; confidence statements differ from any single mooring record.
AttributionIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Sixth Assessment Report — Working Group I; cite the full report for official wording.
Who they areIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
What they trackMitigation pathways and sectoral emissions context including agriculture.
How they are fundedContributions from IPCC member governments; volunteer author labour.
How data is collectedConsensus report synthesis — static summary lines where cited.
Their perspectivePolicy-relevant consensus synthesis, not a measurement feed.
AttributionData © IPCC AR6 Working Group III — Mitigation; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areMatthew W. Jones and colleagues (University of East Anglia and others).
What they trackNational emissions of CO₂, methane and nitrous oxide since 1851 and each country’s contribution to global warming.
How they are fundedPublic research funding.
How data is collectedYearly release on Zenodo; we read it through Our World in Data.
Their perspectiveWarming shares depend on how emissions are converted to temperature; land-use emissions are uncertain.
AttributionJones et al., National contributions to climate change (2025 release), Zenodo.
Who they areNASA's Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability for EOS (LANCE), part of the Earth Science Data and Information System.
What they trackActive fire detections from the MODIS (Terra, Aqua) and VIIRS satellite instruments, worldwide, within hours of each pass.
How they are fundedNASA Earth Science.
How data is collectedSatellites detect the heat of fires burning at the time of each pass; FIRMS publishes the detections as public files. We download the last 24 hours of MODIS detections every night.
Their perspectiveOperational fire monitoring; counts all fires, including agricultural and prescribed burns.
AttributionNASA FIRMS (MODIS Collection 6.1 Near Real-Time active fires).
Who they areNASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies.
What they trackGlobal surface temperature anomaly time series from weather stations and ocean data.
How they are fundedNASA Earth science programs.
How data is collectedPublic monthly CSV downloaded on refresh; baseline offset applied locally for 1.5 °C framing.
Their perspectiveObservational temperature record — not a tipping model; updates when NASA posts a new month.
AttributionData © NASA GISS GISTEMP v4; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areNASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory and partners.
What they trackSea-level science portal, tools, and context for satellite and projection products.
How they are fundedNASA Earth science programs.
How data is collectedReference pages and tools; some series mirrored for reader cross-checks.
Their perspectiveScience communication and planning tools — not a replacement for NOAA's operational GMSL file.
AttributionData © NASA Sea Level Change; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areNOAA National Centers for Environmental Information.
What they trackHow much heat the oceans have absorbed (0–700 m and 0–2000 m) from the 1950s onward.
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedPublic .dat files downloaded on each fetch; annual and 3-monthly basin series.
Their perspectiveObservational climate record — one value per calendar year; new years appear when NOAA publishes the next update.
AttributionData © NOAA NCEI Global Ocean Heat Content; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areUS National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Arctic Research Program.
What they trackAnnual peer-reviewed synthesis of Arctic climate indicators including permafrost.
How they are fundedUS federal research programs (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Arctic Research Program).
How data is collectedPublished chapter tables — updated once per year.
Their perspectiveAnnual expert synthesis snapshot, not a daily gridded permafrost product.
AttributionData © Arctic Report Card (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration); cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areNOAA NCEI Climate Monitoring branch.
What they trackYearly global land and ocean temperature departures since 1850.
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedPublic time-series endpoint downloaded on refresh.
Their perspectiveGlobal context for warming — complements but does not replace local heatwave station alerts.
AttributionData © NOAA Climate at a Glance — global time series; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areNOAA Climate.gov, the public climate-information site of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
What they trackMaps of the typical temperature and rainfall effects of El Niño and La Niña around the world, for December–February and June–August.
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedRead by us and turned into a short per-region list; not downloaded automatically.
Their perspectiveTypical patterns from past events; any single El Niño or La Niña can differ.
AttributionMaps © NOAA Climate.gov, free for re-use with credit.
Who they areNOAA Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services.
What they trackCoastal water-level observations and predictions for US tide gauges.
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedCO-OPS Data API and published annual high-tide-flooding statistics; we poll on daily refresh.
Their perspectiveObservational coastal monitoring; authoritative for US tides but not global surge warnings.
AttributionData © NOAA Tides & Currents (CO-OPS); cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areNOAA Climate Prediction Center (US federal).
What they trackSeasonal outlooks and climate indices for ENSO, hurricanes, and drought monitoring.
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedMix of monthly indices and outlook products; we use whichever public files each dashboard fetcher downloads.
Their perspectiveForecast and climatology guidance — separate from observed best-track totals.
AttributionData © NOAA Climate Prediction Center; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areNOAA Climate Prediction Center (US federal), distributed also by NOAA's Physical Sciences Laboratory.
What they trackDaily maximum and minimum temperature over land on a 0.5-degree grid, analysed from weather-station reports worldwide since 1979.
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedPublic binary files, one per year; we read the grid squares of 48 cities from the current-year file every night and built the 1991-2020 normals once from the yearly archives.
Their perspectiveA grid-square average from station reports, not a reading at one station; can differ from a city-centre thermometer by a few degrees.
AttributionData © NOAA Climate Prediction Center; cite the CPC Global Unified Temperature analysis when reproducing figures.
Who they areNOAA Climate Prediction Center (US federal).
What they trackOfficial three-month running average of central-equatorial Pacific sea-surface temperature used to declare El Niño and La Niña.
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedPublished as a public text table updated about monthly; we download and store each month.
Their perspectiveSmoothed observational index used for official ENSO monitoring and seasonal outlooks.
AttributionData © NOAA Climate Prediction Center — Oceanic Niño Index (ONI); cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areNOAA Climate Prediction Center.
What they trackCompares surface air pressure between Tahiti and Darwin — the atmospheric side of ENSO.
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedMonthly standardized index from a public file; updates when CPC posts a new month.
Their perspectiveAtmospheric coupling diagnostic — negative values support El Niño, positive support La Niña.
AttributionData © NOAA CPC — Southern Oscillation Index (SOI); cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areNOAA Climate Prediction Center.
What they trackMonthly sea-surface temperature anomalies for Niño 1+2, 3, 3.4, and 4 boxes along the equator.
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedPublic monthly text file; we download on refresh and compute phase context locally.
Their perspectiveMonthly snapshots — faster-moving than the ONI and used here for regional flavour and the raw Niño 3.4 reading.
AttributionData © NOAA CPC — Niño region SST indices (sstoi.indices); cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areNOAA Coral Reef Watch (US federal reef thermal-stress program).
What they trackDaily sea-surface temperature and anomaly at reef and open-ocean virtual stations.
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedPublic virtual-station files downloaded daily; MHW categories computed locally.
Their perspectiveReef and coastal thermal stress — point stations, not a global gridded marine-heatwave field.
AttributionData © NOAA Coral Reef Watch — Virtual Stations; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areNOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory (US federal).
What they trackAtmospheric greenhouse-gas and related geochemical measurements.
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedPublic trend pages and text files (CO₂, CH₄, etc.) downloaded on refresh.
Their perspectiveGold-standard atmospheric composition record; downstream ocean-pH and permafrost signals are derived from it, not measured directly.
AttributionData © NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areNOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory.
What they trackGlobally averaged atmospheric methane concentration and growth rate.
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedMonthly mean file (ch4_mm_gl.txt) downloaded on each fetch.
Their perspectiveGlobally averaged atmospheric methane — an indirect budget proxy, not a livestock or permafrost flux meter.
AttributionData © NOAA GML — global methane trend; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areNOAA Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS).
What they trackAnnual counts of nuisance (sunny-day) flooding days at US tide stations.
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedPublished outlook tables and station metadata; downloaded when NOAA updates the product.
Their perspectiveChronic flood-frequency trend, complementary to any single storm event.
AttributionData © NOAA High Tide Flooding Annual Outlook; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areNOAA National Hurricane Center (US federal).
What they trackOfficial Atlantic tropical cyclone best-track archive (positions, intensity, ACE inputs).
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedPublic HURDAT2 files downloaded on refresh; seasonal outlook text from CPC where wired.
Their perspectiveObservational best estimate after the fact — not real-time warnings for active storms.
AttributionData © NOAA National Hurricane Center — HURDAT2; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areUS National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration / US National Snow and Ice Data Center data distribution.
What they trackMachine-readable daily extent files backing the Sea Ice Index products.
How they are fundedUS federal cryosphere programs (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and US National Aeronautics and Space Administration).
How data is collectedDirect file download on each fetch — not a map tile API.
Their perspectiveDistribution channel for the same Sea Ice Index product — not a separate measurement.
AttributionData © Daily sea-ice extent files mirrored on US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration servers; cite the upstream National Snow and Ice Data Center release when reproducing figures.
Who they areNOAA Ocean Acidification Program.
What they trackUS ocean acidification monitoring network and educational resources.
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedPublished station lists and status pages; some time series via partner portals.
Their perspectiveCoastal and biological-risk context — where acidification affects fisheries and shellfish operators first.
AttributionData © NOAA Ocean Acidification Program; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areUnited States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Physical Sciences Laboratory (federal research lab).
What they trackA long-running index of North Atlantic sea-surface temperature versus a baseline — used here as a fingerprint of the “cold blob” pattern linked in the literature to changes in the Atlantic overturning conveyor.
How they are fundedUnited States Department of Commerce / National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
How data is collectedCompiled from historical sea-surface temperature analyses; we download the public text file on each refresh (not a live satellite tile feed).
Their perspectiveA temperature pattern proxy, not a direct flow measurement — useful context alongside the direct array readings.
AttributionUnited States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Physical Sciences Laboratory; Atlantic Multidecadal Variability index documentation at psl.noaa.gov.
Who they areNOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research.
What they trackGlobal mean sea level from satellite altimetry (Topex/Jason/Sentinel stitched).
How they are fundedUS Department of Commerce / NOAA.
How data is collectedPublic time-series file downloaded on refresh.
Their perspectiveOpen-ocean height — not coastal relative sea level at a tide gauge.
AttributionData © NOAA STAR Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry — sea level; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areUS National Snow and Ice Data Center (a cooperative with the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration).
What they trackDaily and monthly Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice extent from passive-microwave satellites since 1979.
How they are fundedUnited States National Aeronautics and Space Administration, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and operational support to the National Snow and Ice Data Center.
How data is collectedPublic downloads hosted via the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; we refresh daily and compute anomalies vs the 1981–2010 climatology.
Their perspectiveObservational benchmark for polar ice area — not a forecast.
AttributionData © National Snow and Ice Data Center Sea Ice Index (version 4); cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areOurResearch (non-profit) maintaining an open catalog of scholarly works.
What they trackBibliographic metadata for peer-reviewed papers — we search for recent Atlantic overturning conveyor, overturning, and cold-blob titles.
How they are fundedPhilanthropic and institutional support; free API tier for research and public tools.
How data is collectedAggregates publisher and repository metadata; our fetcher queries the works API and filters for relevance.
Their perspectiveLiterature awareness, not a climate measurement — shows what researchers are publishing, not live ocean conditions.
AttributionOpenAlex.org; individual papers retain their publisher DOIs.
Who they areInternational partnership (United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Germany, Netherlands, and others) monitoring overturning farther north than the array at 26.5°N.
What they trackEstimates subpolar North Atlantic overturning — complementary because the conveyor’s strength can differ by latitude.
How they are fundedNational Science Foundation, Natural Environment Research Council, and national science agencies of partner countries.
How data is collectedMooring lines and gliders across the Labrador Sea and eastern subpolar gyre; published multi-year means updated when new analysis products ship.
Their perspectiveObservational benchmark for the high-latitude limb of the Atlantic overturning conveyor, where deep water forms.
AttributionSubpolar overturning program data products; see o-snap.org for citation guidance.
Who they areGlobal Change Data Lab / University of Oxford.
What they trackOpen charts and datasets on food, emissions, and environmental impacts.
How they are fundedGlobal Change Data Lab (non-profit) and University of Oxford support.
How data is collectedCompiled CSVs and charts — we download selected series on refresh.
Their perspectiveCompiled data — trace OWID citations back to the primary source.
AttributionData © Our World in Data; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areOur World in Data (University of Oxford and Global Change Data Lab).
What they trackOne public file combining the Global Carbon Budget, Jones et al. national contributions and population, per country and year.
How they are fundedGrants and donations to Global Change Data Lab.
How data is collectedPublic CSV downloaded when its ETag changes (checked nightly).
Their perspectiveA faithful republication of the primary datasets; per-person values divide by OWID population.
AttributionData: Global Carbon Budget (2025); Jones et al. (2025); population from Our World in Data. CC BY 4.0.
Who they arePoore & Nemecek (Science, 2018).
What they trackMeta-analysis of food-product greenhouse-gas footprints across supply chains.
How they are fundedAcademic research programs behind the 2018 Science study.
How data is collectedPublished paper tables used as reference benchmarks on this dashboard.
Their perspectiveAcademic meta-analysis — not a live inventory.
AttributionData © Poore & Nemecek 2018 — food LCA meta-analysis; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areUK National Oceanography Centre-hosted global archive.
What they trackLong tide-gauge records at coastal stations worldwide.
How they are fundedInternational associations and national agencies contributing gauge data.
How data is collectedStation metadata and annual mean files where wired; sparse coverage in many regions.
Their perspectiveLocal relative sea level (ocean + land motion) — the number that matters for flooding at a harbour.
AttributionData © Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (PSMSL); cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areUnited Kingdom–United States research consortium (United Kingdom National Oceanography Centre, University of Miami, and partners) operating the array at 26.5°N in the North Atlantic.
What they trackMeasures how much water the Atlantic overturning conveyor moves northward at 26.5°N — the longest continuous direct observation of the conveyor’s strength.
How they are fundedUnited Kingdom Natural Environment Research Council, United States National Science Foundation, and collaborating institutions.
How data is collectedUnderwater moorings record temperature, salinity, and currents year-round; annual means are published via the British Oceanographic Data Centre.
Their perspectiveObservational — not a forecast. Scientists use the array to test whether models and climate assessments match what the ocean is actually doing.
AttributionData © RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS observing array; cite the British Oceanographic Data Centre release when reproducing annual transport values.
Who they areSea level data centre at the University of Hawaiʻi; with NOAA, it runs the Joint Archive for Sea Level and serves as a data centre for the IOC's Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS).
What they trackHourly and daily sea level from tide gauges worldwide: fast-delivery data within one to two months, and research-quality data after fuller checks.
How they are fundedMainly NOAA (Global Ocean Monitoring and Observing program), with national agencies operating the gauges.
How data is collectedGauge operators send their records to UHSLC, which checks and publishes them; we download each gauge's hourly file once and add new data from UHSLC's ERDDAP server every night.
Their perspectiveScientific archive for sea level research and monitoring; coverage depends on which national networks share their data.
AttributionData: University of Hawaiʻi Sea Level Center and the agencies operating the tide gauges.
Who they areUS National Drought Mitigation Center / USDA / NOAA partnership.
What they trackWeekly map of drought categories (D0–D4) for the United States and territories.
How they are fundedUSDA, NOAA, and the National Drought Mitigation Center.
How data is collectedPublic GeoJSON/API download on refresh — US-focused, not global.
Their perspectiveWeekly expert blend of indicators — US and territories only, not a global drought feed.
AttributionData © US Drought Monitor (University of Nebraska–Lincoln); cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.
Who they areThis portfolio — cross-reads JSON compiled by other tools in the same site.
What they trackImpact panels that pull the latest reading from coral, drought, marine heatwave, or tipping monitors.
How they are fundedMaintained as part of the Valuable Dashboards open portfolio (not a single federal dataset).
How data is collectedRead from locally built data/*.json after each tool's fetch run — only as current as that sibling's pipeline.
Their perspectiveSecondary context, not primary observation at this URL.
AttributionData © Valuable Dashboards — sibling monitor compiled data; cite the upstream release when reproducing figures.